{"id":1956,"date":"2019-03-01T17:18:14","date_gmt":"2019-03-01T09:18:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.agrinoon.com\/agriculture\/?p=1956"},"modified":"2019-03-01T17:18:14","modified_gmt":"2019-03-01T09:18:14","slug":"new-molecular-blueprint-advances-understanding-photosynthesis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.agrinoon.com\/agriculture\/2019\/03\/01\/new-molecular-blueprint-advances-understanding-photosynthesis\/","title":{"rendered":"New molecular blueprint advances our understanding of photosynthesis"},"content":{"rendered":"
Researchers at the Department of Energy\u2019s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have used one of the most advanced microscopes in the world to reveal the structure of a large protein complex crucial to photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into cellular energy.<\/div>\n
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The finding,\u00a0published in the journal Nature<\/a>, will allow scientists to explore, for the first time, how the complex functions and could have implications for the production of a variety of bioproducts, including plastic alternatives and biofuels.<\/div>\n
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\u201cThis work will lead to a better understanding of how photosynthesis occurs, which could allow us to improve the efficiency of photosynthesis in plants and other green organisms \u2013 potentially boosting the amount of food, and thus biomass, they produce,\u201d said lead researcher Karen Davies, a biophysicist at Berkeley Lab. \u201cThis is particularly important if you want to produce renewable bioproducts that are cost-effective alternatives to current petroleum-based products.\u201d<\/div>\n
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Discovered decades ago, the protein complex targeted by the researchers, called NADH dehydrogenase-like complex (NDH), is known to help regulate the phase of photosynthesis where the energy of sunlight is captured and stored in two types of cellular energy molecules, which are later utilized to power the conversion of carbon dioxide into sugar. Past investigations revealed that NDH reshuffles the energized electrons moving among other protein complexes in the chloroplast in a way that ensures the correct ratio of each energy molecule is produced. Furthermore, NDH of cyanobacteria performs several additional roles including increasing the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) available for sugar production by linking CO2 uptake with electron transfer.<\/div>\n
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In order for scientists to truly comprehend how NDH executes these important functions, they needed a molecular blueprint indicating the location and connectivity of all the atoms in the complex. This is something that even highly powerful transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technology simply could not provide until very recently.<\/div>\n
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\u201cResearch on this enzyme has been difficult and experimental results confounding for the last 20 years or so because we have lacked complete information about the enzyme\u2019s structure,\u201d said Davies. \u201cKnowing the structure is important for generating and testing out hypotheses of how the enzyme functions. The resolution we obtained for our structure of NDH has only really been achievable since the commercialization of the direct electron counting camera, developed in collaboration with Berkeley Lab.\u201d<\/div>\n
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Illustration – Cartoon schematic of electron transport chain of photosynthesis in which energy from sunlight creates high-energy electrons that are shuttle among various protein complexes. The electron shuttling process is coupled with proton pumps that power ATP formation by ATP synthase.\u00a0 An electron can flow linearly to power NADPH formation or it can be cycled between photosystem I and NDH to boost ATP synthesis. (Credit: Thomas Laughlin\/UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab).<\/div>\n
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Cartoon schematic of electron transport chain of photosynthesis in which energy from sunlight creates high-energy electrons that are shuttle among various protein complexes. The electron shuttling process is coupled with proton pumps that power ATP formation by ATP synthase.\u00a0 An electron can flow linearly to power NADPH formation or it can be cycled between photosystem I and NDH to boost ATP synthesis. (Credit: Thomas Laughlin\/UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab).<\/em><\/div>\n
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Prior to this invention, explained Davies, a staff scientist in Berkeley Lab\u2019s Molecular Biophysics and Integrative Bioimaging Division (MBIB), determining the structure of a single molecule could take several years because cryo-TEM imaging relied on film, meaning that each exposure had to be developed and scanned before it could be analyzed. The main limitation, however, was that most images turned out blurry. When you directed a beam of electrons at a molecule, the charged, high-energy particles excited the atoms in the molecule, often making them move at the moment of exposure. This meant that researchers needed to take and process hundreds, if not thousands, of film images in order to get an accurate glimpse of an entire molecule.<\/div>\n
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The new electron counting camera solves this problem by taking digital movies with an extremely high frame rate, so individual frames can be aligned to eliminate blurring caused by beam-induced particle motion.<\/div>\n
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In the current study, first author Thomas Laughlin, a UC Berkeley graduate student with a joint appointment at MBIB, isolated NDH complexes from membranes of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium provided by the Junko Yano and Vittal Yachandra Lab in MBIB and imaged them using a state-of-the-art cryo-TEM instrument fitted with the latest direct electron detector. Located on the UC Berkeley campus, the cryo-TEM facility is managed by the Bay Area CryoEM consortium, which is partly funded by Berkeley Lab.<\/div>\n
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The resulting atom density map was then used to build a model of NDH that shows the arrangement of all the protein subunits of NDH and the most likely position of all the atoms in the complex. By examining this model, Davies\u2019 team will be able to formulate and then test hypotheses of how NDH facilitates sugar production by balancing the ratio of the two cellular energy molecules.<\/div>\n
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\u201cWhile the structure of NDH alone certainly addresses many questions, I think it has raised several more that we had not even thought to consider before,\u201d said Laughlin.<\/div>\n
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Among the many Berkeley Lab scientists focused on advancing knowledge of fundamental biochemical and biophysical processes, Davies and her staff also use direct electron camera cryo-EM to investigate how variations in the organization of photosynthetic complexes, caused by changes in growth and light conditions, affect the efficiency of photosynthesis. Her project on electron flow in photosynthesis is supported by a five-year DOE Office of Science Early Career Research Program grant that was awarded in 2018.<\/div>\n
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Researchers from the Groupe d\u2019\u00e9tude des prot\u00e9ines membranaires (GEPROM) at the University of Montr\u00e9al and McGill University also contributed to this work.<\/div>\n
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Source<\/strong>:\u00a0Berkeley Lab – Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Researchers at the Department of Energy\u2019s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have used one of the most advanced microscopes in the world to reveal the structure of a large protein complex crucial to photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into cellular energy. 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